Increasing domestic resource mobilization (DRM) in Nigeria through the DPI approach and smart payment principles

Nigeria continues to face significant challenges in mobilizing domestic resources, despite its strong economic potential. The country lags behind regional peers, such as South Africa, Ghana, and Senegal, on the e-Government Development Index, particularly in digital connectivity, online services, and human capacity. Its tax-to-GDP ratio remains low at just 10%, well below the African average of 16% (2020). 

The Nigeria Governors’ Forum (NGF) sought to close these gaps and launched the Digital Domestic Resource Mobilization (DDRM) workstream. The initiative intends to enhance fiscal management and improve public expenditure efficiency across all 36 Nigerian states by using digital public infrastructure (DPI). It identifies gaps in each state’s digital ecosystem and provides tailored roadmaps for DPI adoption based on digital maturity and institutional readiness.

MSC supported the NGF through the design and delivery of a detailed assessment of the DPI and public financial management (PFM) landscapes across Nigerian states. With a mixed-methods approach, MSC engaged with state-level officials and NGF stakeholders to gather insights into ground-level operations. The team developed customized readiness assessment tools to evaluate each state’s digital infrastructure, such as digital ID systems, data exchange platforms, and payment mechanisms, and key PFM components, which included single sources of truth, digital fund flows, and real-time processing systems.

MSC applied a scoring methodology to categorize states into high, medium, or low digital readiness tiers. Based on this, the team identified both areas of strength and opportunities for improvement. These insights informed the development of phased, state-specific roadmaps to guide DPI adoption and strengthen revenue mobilization and public service delivery. The roadmaps provided practical and contextual recommendations aligned with each state’s capacity.

The project deepened engagement between the NGF, revenue departments, and ICT agencies to build a clearer understanding of state-level digital ecosystems. The assessment tools and maturity frameworks created a foundation for tracking progress in DPI and PFM implementation. MSC also facilitated capacity-building workshops to support effective adoption of DPI among state actors.

The Nigeria Governors’ Forum commissioned the project.

The National Action Plan (NAP) for a biometric-enabled digital identity system in Zambia

Zambia faced delays in the implementation of a biometric-enabled digital identity system, which hindered progress in digitizing public service delivery. Although the government had long planned a national electronic ID under the Ministry of Home Affairs, progress was limited. Financial Sector Deepening Zambia (FSD Zambia) sought to address this issue and partnered with the Smart Zambia Institute (SZI) to develop a comprehensive National Action Plan (NAP) that would accelerate the rollout of digital identity infrastructure across the country.

MSC worked closely with the SZI and FSD Zambia to design a detailed and actionable roadmap for the national digital ID system. The team provided strategic advisory support, which focused on project governance, enrollment strategy, technology infrastructure, and software architecture. MSC conducted a cost-benefit analysis to identify key cost drivers of the national identity program and assessed the current system’s design to recommend architectural improvements. The project also involved benchmarking Zambia’s identity system against other national ID programs to align with international best practices.

The Smart Zambia Institute officially declared the National Identity Program a Mission Mode Project, which signaled a heightened commitment to accelerate its implementation. As a result of the roadmap and advisory support, the Government of Zambia launched biometric registration through its Integrated National Registration Information System (INRIS). To date, 7 million digital IDs have been issued and 1.3 million biometric records collected, marking a major milestone in Zambia’s digital transformation journey.

FSD Zambia and the Smart Zambia Institute commissioned the project.

Support to the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to improve the usage of Aadhaar

India’s digital identity landscape has advanced significantly in recent years. Today, Aadhaar serves as a foundational layer for digital public infrastructure and has seen widespread use in government-to-person (G2P) transfers and other services. Yet, its adoption for offline authentication and face authentication remains limited. Furthermore, fragmented ecosystem engagement, complex user experiences, and a lack of actionable data insights have hindered progress. These challenges restrict the UIDAI’s ability to adapt to evolving user needs and use emerging technologies.

To support the next phase of Aadhaar’s evolution, the UIDAI engaged MSC to identify innovative use cases, strengthen citizen-centric service delivery, and integrate global lessons to enhance Aadhaar’s impact and reach.

MSC provided strategic advisory and research support across several key areas. The team developed the strategy for the UIDAI’s Innovation Sandbox and supported its implementation to promote innovation in authentication and e-KYC use cases. MSC conducted a comprehensive assessment of Aadhaar’s offline usage, public awareness, policy environment, and operational challenges. In addition, MSC reviewed grievance management mechanisms and citizen engagement channels to identify areas for improvement.

The project included a study of the authentication ecosystem, which included Authentication User Agencies (AUA) and Authentication Service Agencies (ASA), to identify pain points in onboarding, transaction processes, and policy compliance. MSC also analyzed Direct Benefits Transfer (DBT) delivery to understand user experience and governance practices, and benchmarked the Aadhaar system against global digital ID systems.

The project contributed to significant improvements in Aadhaar usage and innovation. Aadhaar-based face authentication transactions increased fourfold and reached more than 154 million monthly authentications by May 2025. The number of entities using Aadhaar or e-KYC rose by 10%, which added approximately 550 new users. The UIDAI launched the Innovation Sandbox and SDK BioChallenge, which created a platform for ecosystem players to test and benchmark new Aadhaar-based solutions.

The UIDAI also began publishing Aadhaar-related datasets on the Open Government Data Portal to support global research. As part of its global engagement strategy, the UIDAI collaborated with 10+ countries and institutions, which included Tanzania, South Africa, ID4Africa, and MOSIP, to share lessons and insights from Aadhaar.

The Unique Identification Authority of India and the Gates Foundation​ commissioned the project.

Development of the UIDAI playbook on “Unlocking face authentication”

India’s expanding digital public infrastructure has been built around Aadhaar as a foundational ID. While Aadhaar-based fingerprint and iris authentication have enabled widespread access to services, they also face challenges in accuracy, usability, and accessibility, particularly for the elderly, manual laborers, and persons with disabilities. 

Such challenges have created a strong case for alternative and inclusive authentication mechanisms that ensure continuity of access for all without compromising security or consent. In this context, face authentication offers a nonintrusive, contactless, and device-agnostic alternative that can enhance both user convenience and system resilience.

MSC supported the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to showcase the growing need for face authentication and highlight its role in the ecosystem. We helped the UIDAI develop a strategic playbook titled Unlocking Face Authentication. MSC conducted extensive stakeholder consultations across sectors, engaging with the UIDAI, banks, financial institutions, telecom companies, government agencies, and technology service providers, to shape the insights and recommendations for the playbook. We also mapped end-to-end workflows to integrate Aadhaar-based face authentication into existing service delivery models across key domains, such as financial services, telecom, governance, and social protection.

We captured sector-specific challenges and enablers, developed process integration blueprints, and identified high-impact use cases where face authentication could improve user experience, particularly for the elderly, differently-abled, and digitally underserved populations. 

This engagement reflected MSC’s deep expertise in digital ID systems, inclusive service design, and public infrastructure enablement, and our capacity to translate complex technology into inclusive, policy-aligned frameworks that can catalyze real-world impact at scale. The playbook also contributed to positioning face authentication as a scalable and interoperable solution within India’s broader digital identity stack—one that now supports 55 million+ transactions monthly. 

The Gates Foundation commissioned the project.

Shaping food and fertilizer subsidy programs, India

Food, fuel, and fertilizer (FFF) subsidies in India account for 6–7% of the total budget and nearly half of social sector spending. MSC has shaped, optimized, and evaluated these major subsidy programs through close partnerships with key ministries and agencies. MSC’s expertise spans the full policy cycle, from initial design and pilot testing to large-scale implementation, ongoing assessment, and evidence-based refinement. 

Fertilizers 

MSC was instrumental in assisting the NITI Aayog and the Department of Fertilizers in designing and rolling out India’s Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system, which began with pilots in Andhra Pradesh and expanded nationwide. MSC provided end-to-end support, which included policy design, rapid evaluations, and implementation guidance. Their evidence-based recommendations led to further reforms such as piloting direct cash transfers (DCT) to farmers, advocating for a comprehensive farmer database, and promoting soil health initiatives for more efficient fertilizer use. 

Food 

Since 2014, MSC has been a key advisor to the Department of Food and Public Distribution (DFPD), driving the digital transformation of the Public Distribution System (PDS). The work included technical assistance to the end-to-end computerization—digitizing beneficiary databases, supply chains, and automating fair price shops. Further, MSC formulated a technical support unit (TSU) at DFPD in 2020 to continue providing technical support to the department’s initiatives. MSC supported pilots for transitioning from in-kind food distribution to cash transfers and played a crucial role in the design and implementation of the One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) initiative, which enabled benefit portability for migrant workers. 

MSC spearheaded the rice fortification program, supporting the DFPD from initial pilots in 2020 to full-scale implementation. The insights strengthened the supply chain and developed digital solutions to enhance transparency and efficiency in rice fortification and quality control. MSC has also supported the DFPD in advancing nutrition security by contributing to the revision of Schedule II of the National Food Security Act (NFSA). This revision aimed to more precisely define the macro- and micronutrient requirements for food provided under the three key food security programs, tailored to the needs of specific beneficiary groups such as pregnant and lactating women, children under five, school-going children, and adolescent girls. MSC also played a pivotal role in conceptualizing and piloting the Jan Poshan Kendra to transform 60 fair price shops into nutrition hubs across four states. 

The Gates Foundation commissioned the project. 

Policy advisory for gender equity: Supporting Indonesia’s global leadership

MSC has worked in close partnership with the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (MoWECP), Government of Indonesia, to advance gender-responsive policy thinking and action. Since 2022, MSC has supported the Ministry’s engagement with the G20 process to help shape impactful recommendations that promote women’s participation in the digital economy, entrepreneurship, and the future of work.