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Do conditional cash transfers improve education outcomes? Insights from the PESP program in Bangladesh

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Rafiqul, the son of a betel nut farmer in Kushtia, Bangladesh, had dreams beyond his village. In 2008, a newspaper reported an essay writing competition organized by NASA for children from low-income families in developing countries. The prize was a trip to space! Rafiqul submitted an essay and, to everyone’s surprise, won the first prize. He became a role model for other children in his village and countrywide.

Rafiqul’s story is part of the book The Government of Chronic Poverty: From the politics of exclusion to the politics of citizenship?, edited by Sam Hickey, in the chapter titled “School Exclusion as Social Exclusion: The Practices and Effects of a Conditional Cash Transfer Programme for the Poor in Bangladesh,” a scholarly paper by Naomi Hussain. His story captures and furthers the widespread belief in the possibilities that education can offer in Bangladesh. Many Asian and African countries share faith in the transformative power of education as it promises social mobility, material wellbeing, social inclusion, and status.

Bangladesh has many such Rafiquls. The Primary Education Stipend Programme (PESP)  supports their aspirations by providing BDT 150 (USD 1.58) from the Government to their mothers. The benefit is conditional on maintaining 85% monthly school attendance and achieving at least 50% grades in the annual exams. The program started in 2001 to increase attendance and enrolment rates by reducing the dropout rates of primary school students. The stipend is transferred directly to the beneficiaries’ mobile banking accounts since 2017 instead of the earlier payment system in cash.

MicroSave Consulting (MSC) and the Centre for Global Development (CGD) conducted a mixed method research to gain insights into the PESP program and ascertain its effectiveness in achieving its objectives. The survey interviewed mothers who received the beneficiary stipend. Sixty-two percent of the interviewed mothers lived in rural areas. Only 17% of the interviewed mothers completed high school, and 34% of them, one-third, only finished primary school. More than half of these mothers were from poor economic households and worked as daily wage or agriculture laborers.

Mothers prefer digital payments to cash

More than 95% of beneficiaries preferred the new system of digital payments over cash payments. The most common reasons for choosing digital payments included how closely the agent is located for convenient cash-out, as cited by 81% of respondents, more monetary control, cited by 21%, and easy withdrawal, cited by 27%. More than half of the respondents mentioned they do not have to forgo a day’s wage to visit the school to receive the benefit in cash.

PESP and education indicators

One of the program’s main focuses was to improve education indicators, such as school attendance, enrolment ratios, and retention among primary school children. As per a World Bank report, enrolments in primary schools in Bangladesh increased from 80% to 98% between 2000-2015. Thanks to various other policy interventions, the enrolment rate has seen a consistent rise.

The gross enrolment rate considers all students, including underage and repetitions, which can go beyond 100%. Thus, the gross primary school enrolment rate in the PESP schools across different locations was estimated to be between 89% and 140%, whereas it was much lower for secondary schools and ranged only from 21% to 77% (Ahmad and Sharmeen, 2004). However, an increase in enrolment does not guarantee high retention or learning outcomes.

The requirement for more than 85% attendance to be eligible for PESP payments addresses the issues of retention and learning. These two hypotheses were tested in the field. Most mothers believe that PESP is essential to keep their children in school, with 98% reporting an increase in attendance and ensuring the children complete primary school.

Ninety-eight percent of mothers reported ensuring their children completed primary school, and none reported children dropping out for employment or vocational training. Another study by IFPRI estimated the dropout rates at 8.5% for PESP schools compared to 14% for non-PESP schools. The statistics reflect PESP’s effectiveness in improving attendance rates and reducing dropout ratios among the beneficiaries.

Additionally, PESP requires students to achieve specific grades to avail the benefits. The conditionality meant that about 89% of the parents invested in their children’s educational needs by hiring a private tutor, and 50% saved the stipend for the children’s future educational needs. From our qualitative evidence, we found that mothers used the transfer amount to buy new school supplies, such as uniforms, books, and stationery. Notably, 73% of mothers mentioned that PESP helped increase their role in the decision-making about their children’s education needs.

Several studies have drawn insights from PESPs in different geographies, highlighting how conditional cash transfers improve education outcomes. Similar studies on Progresa in Mexico and Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) in Indonesia also found that CCTs help increase enrolment and attendance and reduce student dropout rates.

The Progresa program in Mexico facilitates short-term benefits, including increased attendance rates, reduced dropout rates, and enhanced grade progression of the beneficiaries. For children between 6-14 years, average education attainment levels increased by 0.7 years, and students attending school in their junior years increased by 21%. The long-term benefits are increased employment incomes and more geographical and social mobility.

The Government of Indonesia introduced the PKH program in 2007. The program helped increase enrolment by 4% among primary schoolchildren and 10.5% among secondary schoolchildren. Another study found that PKH delivered significant gains in the results of school-level examinations.

The PESP program, in common with other CCT programs, has increased attendance and enrolment ratios among the target group through conditional cash transfers. The transfer has also increased the amounts families spend on school supplies. Further analysis can help assess whether these improved ratios also translated into long-term outcomes, such as better economic prospects in the labor market and living standards. And more importantly the dreams of Rafiqul and others like him, could turn into reality.

India Post Payments Bank: Overcoming distance and distrust amongst the unbanked

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Stay-at-home mothers, pensioners, and migrant workers are some of the most vulnerable and underbanked populations across the globe, and in India. As per Findex 2021, 22% of Indians lack an account in any financial institution. Across banks, INR 267 billion (USD 336 billion) have been lying in around 90 million dormant accounts for more than 10 years, as of December 2020. Findex 2021 also reports that India has the highest share of inactive bank accounts globally at 35%. Women account owners in developing countries are, on average, 5% more likely than men to have inactive accounts. However, India leads the gender gap with a 12% difference in account inactivity. The India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) was set up in 2017 as a subsidiary of the Department of Posts (DoP) to address these challenges and provide safe, convenient, digital, and affordable banking services to last-mile customers. While millions of customers are financially included, the top two reasons why Indian adults from remote, rural areas do not use their bank accounts are the long distances from financial institutions and a lack of trust. IPPB intends to address these concerns with its last-mile presence, digital-first approach, and handholding support through its nationwide network of friendly, neighborhood GDSs.

IPPB is perfectly positioned to serve the underbanked in far-flung geographies—where other formal financial institutions have a limited presence. One of its major strengths is its vast network of 160,000-plus Gramin Dak Sevaks (GDS), who offer doorstep banking (DSB) services.

The GDS are highly trusted members of the community. They generally live among the country’s underbanked population, especially in remote and rural areas. In addition to the GDSs, IPPB offers 140,000 banking access points, out of which more than 78% are in rural India. With its unprecedented reach and high customer trust in the postal network, IPPB touches households of more than 43.1 million customers.

IPPB addresses the concerns low- and moderate-income (LMI) segments face when accessing formal financial services. These segments include the elderly, women, and the differently-abled. IPPB offers government services, such as digital life certificates (DLCs), G2P payments, Aadhaar updates, and bill payments, improving customer convenience. IPPB has brought 43.1 million customers – 90% of who are from rural areas, into the fold of formal banking services. IPPB can potentially emerge as a one-stop solution across the country with its unique offering of facilitating self-service and an assisted mode of customer onboarding and product usage.

High customer impact

Below are three typical LMI personas that IPPB supports. Besides being low-income, these personas typically remain underserved by other formal financial institutions because they are either not lucrative enough or prove too challenging to serve.

Sarita Devi, a 30 years old homemaker, stays with her in-laws in the Bhiwani district of Haryana. Her husband, Pankaj, works at a construction site in a nearby city and visits her every six months.

The couple recently had a baby girl, who keeps Sarita busy. At the beginning of every month, Pankaj sends her money to cover household expenses via India Post money order. Sarita does not have a bank account as she feels she does not need one. Moreover, the nearest bank branch is almost 15 km from her home, which makes it difficult to visit the branch.

One day, she met Hansini, a friend who works as a GDS in the Bhiwani area, who told Sarita about opening an account with IPPB. Sarita hesitated initially but decided to take the plunge since she trusts Hansini and is comfortable interacting with her. Shortly after, Sarita shared the requisite documents to open her first bank account.

Today, Sarita is confident and has learned to navigate the IPPB app to conduct transactions. She reaches out to Hansini whenever she struggles with payments.

Studies suggest that digital financial transactions have immense potential to empower rural women as they offer them better visibility of their finances, greater privacy, and hassle-free transactions at a place and time convenient for them. Unfortunately, a mere 38% of the women in India use smartphones against 71% of men, which points to a huge gender gap in access to technology—an essential prerequisite for conducting digital transactions.

The situation is dismal for women in rural areas primarily due gendered social norms, low digital literacy, and lack of infrastructure. Further, limited exposure to technology exacerbates the situation and discourages rural women from trying digital transactions. IPPB seeks to bridge this gap through its network of 26,000 women GDSs from the local community, spread across Indian states, to offer DSB services. It makes banking convenient for millions of largely house-bound women like Sarita.

The government’s direct benefit transfer (DBT) program to female Jan Dhan account holders during the pandemic made it imperative for women to operate their accounts. While the speed and scale of the cash transfers made by the government were unprecedented, many of these women beneficiaries were first-time account users and feared being duped. IPPB supported women to withdraw their DBT payments through the Aadhaar-enabled Payments System (AePS) at the convenience of their doorstep during the COVID-19 pandemic, minimizing the risk of contracting the virus.

As of April 2022, IPPB has processed more than 4 million DBT transactions valued at INR 25 billion (USD 315 million) for women-owned bank accounts.

Nageshwar Rao is a 56-year-old retired teacher from Jalgaon, a city in the western Indian state of Maharashtra. A few years back, he met with an accident while returning from school that paralyzed his left leg. Nageshwar is doing better today, but needs help to walk. When Nageshwar retired, he visited his nearest pension disbursing agency for his DLC—a mandatory document for receiving a pension in India. However, he did not receive it despite several trips to the agency. His son Ranjan works at a private firm. He would accompany Nageshwar to the agency office and had to take frequent leaves, and thus lost income. One day, Ranjan visited the post office, where a GDS informed him about IPPB’s doorstep service. The next day, Ranjan requested the doorstep service—and Nageshwar received his DLC.

India is home to 6.5 million central government pensioners. Unfortunately, the challenges that Nageshwar faced are a norm not an exception. IPPB’s doorstep DLC services revolutionized the banking experience for senior citizens who remain underserved by traditional financial service providers. As of March 2021, IPPB has delivered more than 0.5 million DLCs through DSB services. Fraud and leakage from pension payments decreased by 47% after India transitioned from cash to Aadhaar-enabled payments. AePS transactions helped millions of senior citizens easily withdraw their pension and social benefit transfers during the pandemic.

Sumit Biswas, 32, hails from the Midnapore district in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal. He migrated a hundred kilometers away to the capital city of Kolkata for a job where he worked at a construction site. He lost his job during the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdowns and traveled back to his village, much like the 10.6 million other migrant workers in India. Left without an income, Sumit decided to dip into his savings. However, access to the bank was a major issue as the nearest branch was more than one hour away.

The local GDS, Satish, informed Sumit about IPPB’s services. Although Sumit did not have an account with IPPB, he could withdraw money from his other bank account via AePS right at his doorstep. Therefore, Sumit could access his savings from his account to fund his day-to-day expenses during the pandemic.

IPPB’s AePS service is the country’s largest interoperable DSB service provider to both IPPB and non-IPPB customers across the states. Through AePS, IPPB facilitated 25.2 million transactions worth INR 53.62 billion (USD 675 million) during the initial phase of the lockdowns in India. As it grows, IPPB contributes tremendously toward providing last-mile banking services, boosting account opening, and improving account usage. IPPB has immense potential to empower underserved segments to use financial products, such as insurance, credit, and digital credit, through third-party collaborations.

The impact

IPPB has made significant strides in enabling inclusion for those at the margins and continues to transform their banking experience. Its customer-centric approach ensures that the products align with customers’ evolving needs, while its digital-first approach provides convenience for the customers. All these features have immense potential to digitally empower millions of customers like Sarita, Sumit, and Nageshwar and support their financial inclusion journey.

How has IPPB improved financial inclusion in India through a differentiated banking approach?

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Basant Raj, 38, from Khodala village in Maharashtra, works as a daily wage worker in the nearby city and is the sole breadwinner for his family of five. Basant opened his bank account four years ago but prefers to save in cash at home. He considers formal banking channels a hassle since the nearest bank branch is far off, which requires him to travel a long distance, miss a day’s wage, and incur additional expenses to commute. Basant is among 35% of the account holders whose bank account lies dormant due to reasons, such as the large distances from the financial institution and lack of trust and need.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) constituted a committee in 2014 to bridge the burgeoning financial inclusion gap in the country and design a plan to improve access to banking services for customers like Basant. The committee floated the idea of creating a new category of financial institutions called payments banks (PBs). RBI envisaged PBs as a path to building a financially inclusive and digitally empowered country. India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) was among the 11 entities to which the RBI gave in-principle approval to set up a PB. While there were many challenges with, and questions about, the model, it was broadly seen as an important and norm-challenging approach to achieving full financial inclusion.

IPPB was institutionalized on 1st September 2018, as a 100% subsidiary of the Department of Posts (DoP).The DoP offers business correspondent services to IPPB through its vast network of trusted Grameen Dak Sevaks (GDS)—a colloquial term used for postal workers in India. The DoP enjoys high customer trust because of its formidable history, countrywide presence with a focus on rural India, and the Indian government’s backing. The Post Office Savings Account (POSA) offered by the DoP has been instrumental in inducing savings behavior in rural India. The insurance products offered by the DoP, such as Postal Life Insurance (PLI) and Rural Postal Life Insurance (RPLI), play a crucial role to improve the dwindling insurance penetration in rural India.

Why did IPPB and DoP collaborate?

The collaboration between IPPB and the DoP created a win-win situation for both organizations through their shared vision of improving financial inclusion in India. Below is a glimpse of how this partnership has built a thriving ecosystem for each other.

Distribution and trust: The DoP was established in 1854 when letters delivered by the GDS were the only source of information that brought people closer to their loved ones. The deep-rooted trust in the postal network forms a crucial pillar of IPPB’s vast distribution network. IPPB uses DoP’s giant network of 189,000 GDS to deliver financial products and services at the convenience of the customers’ doorstep. Further, the trusted network of GDS offers handholding support to customers to bring low- and moderate-income (LMI) people into the fold of digital payments. Around 90% of IPPB’s 43.1 million customers live in rural areas.

The trust in the postal network has enabled IPPB to grow extensively. During FY 21 alone, IPPB’s customer base and their deposits grew by 83% and an impressive 169%, respectively—all at minimal additional customer acquisition cost—by using and incentivizing the existing network of GDS. The massive growth in customer acquisition is a testament to high customers trust in the partnership, which will grow over time.

Infrastructure and technology: IPPB uses post offices spread across the country to serve walk-in customers. This helps IPPB reduce capital expenditure on constructing physical touch points or branches. So far, IPPB offers banking services through more than 136,000 post offices. Out of these, around 90% are in rural areas, which has increased India’s entire rural banking network at least 2.5 times. IPPB’s banking services allow customers to digitally transact for the various small savings schemes of the Post Office Savings Bank (POSB).

IPPB’s collaboration with the DoP helps the latter to digitize its financial offerings, encouraging active usage among customers. Its technology-first approach allows DoP customers to access their POSA through mobile banking services and use the products and services offered by DoP.

Branding and product sales uptick: IPPB enjoys widespread support from the DoP’s postal network. It helped IPPB establish itself and reach 50 million customers within just three years. Out of the total 50 million account holders, around 48% are women. Thanks to the GDS network, about 98% of women opened accounts at their doorsteps. Trust in the DoP and IPPB’s technology-first approach convinced customers of different age groups to open their bank accounts with IPPB. While the DoP already had the confidence of millennials, IPPB’s doorstep banking (DSB) and handholding services encouraged other vulnerable segments, such as women and the elderly, to start using banking services. Further, the convenience that IPPB offers through its digital-first approach has motivated Gen Z to try the postal banking product suite. Overall, 41% of the IPPB account holders are 18-30 years old.

What does this collaboration mean for the customer?

This collaboration is ubiquitously associated with improved access to digital financial products for customers. The digital transformation drive initiated by the DoP and IPPB will improve process efficiency, enhance scalability, and introduce sustainability. The collaboration has improved access to basic banking products and services through doorstep services. This allowed more usage of accounts-such as cash-in, cash-out, and payments—the lack of which remains a common problem for low-value accounts.

The widespread access to affordable and convenient financial services coupled with handholding support motivates LMI customers to use formal financial channels. This in turn has immense potential to improve customers’ financial health and safeguard them against financial shocks.

Due to limited digital and financial literacy, most rural customers feel intimidated by digital interfaces. They require strong social proof to use formal financial channels and generally exhibit status-quo bias. Despite these challenges, IPPB retains a robust, rural customer base, whom it has offered doorstep banking to help kick-start its formal financial journey. IPPB has influenced a behavioral shift among the rural segment—another feather in its cap.

Here is how the GDS put Rinku Devi—a stay-at-home mother from the Motihari village in Bihar—onto her path to financial inclusion:

The road ahead

Despite the collaboration, IPPB and DoP must resolve any underlying challenges if the network is to function to its optimum capacity.

  • Device and workload management: The shift from being postal workers to financial inclusion enablers implied increased responsibilities for the GDS. While IPPB’s training helped in this transition, a GDS needs to manage different devices to serve customers using DoP and IPPB products, which is inconvenient. Providing a single device to the GDS to manage both IPPB and DoP operations is a possible step to streamline their workflow. Unifying IPPB and DoP at the technology and performance matrix level will further help streamline the operational and functional responsibilities of the GDS. The unison has immense potential to transform the GDS into a force to reckon with, pushing financial inclusion to the next level.

  • Skillset requirements: GDS is a heterogeneous group with varying levels of digital literacy. The varied skillset and tech-savviness required to manage different devices and solutions for DoP and IPPB often overwhelm them. This impacts their performance and impedes their ability to assist more customers. A combined induction and capacity-building program that intersperses DoP’s mail operations training with IPPB’s banking operations training can help gradually upskill the GDS. If mail operations and banking operations are on the same platform, the smooth user experience of using the app can reduce the cognitive load on the GDS. Furthermore, a unified performance evaluation system of the GDS would go a long way to keep them motivated. The basic tenets of the unified device include a customer-centric approach, technology-backed infrastructure, and a focus on the well-being of the postal network.

IPPB—the digital engine of inclusive growth

IPPB is on a path to revolutionizing the digital banking experience for customers through the unprecedented reach of the postal network. The innovative steps that IPPB has taken, such as DSB, distributing digital life certificates, and paperless transaction receipts, have paved the way for a digital transformation even in the country’s hinterlands. Between 2019 and 2021, IPPB processed 48 million doorstep transactions and mobilized social security payments worth USD 0.39 billion for rural customers. Extensive handholding support through the trusted  GDS network paved the way for affordable and accessible financial services for millions of customers, especially women and senior citizens. These milestones signify that IPPB has immense potential to turn digital India’s dreams into reality.

G20 Ministerial Conference on Women’s Empowerment 2022

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The G20 Ministerial Conference on Women’s Empowerment (MCWE) was held from 24th to 25th August, 2022 in Bali as part of the G20 Presidency of Indonesia. It is a crucial precursor to the 17th G20 Heads of State and Government Summit, scheduled for November, 2022 in Bali. The Summit will be the pinnacle of the G20 process and the intense work carried out within the ministerial meetings, working groups, and engagement groups throughout the year.

MSC (MicroSave Consulting) supported the MCWE 2022 by leading the gender recommendations on the digital economy. We worked with many stakeholders, including the W20 working group and the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection in Indonesia, to create recommendations on accelerating women’s participation in the digital economy and the future of work.

Indonesia’s Minister of Women Empowerment and Child Protection I Gusti Ayu Bintang Darmawati, delivered the welcome note on the first day of the conference. She hoped MCWE would serve as a valuable platform to share global ideas, future trends, and best practices on gender equality and women’s empowerment.

The conference covered three main topics: the care economy post-COVID-19, closing the digital gender gap, and women’s entrepreneurship. Leading the discussion on the second main topic, Graham N. Wright, Group Managing Director of MSC, spoke on “Bridging the gender digital divide: from intention to action, learning from best practices.” Graham shared insights on how women are less likely to own a smartphone than men, while 264 million women worldwide are unlikely to use mobile internet. Meanwhile, the digital exclusion of women can cost an estimated USD 1 trillion in GDP loss and a USD 24 billion missed in tax revenues annually, as per a study of 32 low and lower-middle income countries (LLMICs) by the Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) in 2021.

In the second session of the conference, participants discussed the digital gender gap. The session included ministerial statements from India, South Africa, South Korea, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, and Russia.

On the conference’s second day, Indonesia’s Minister of Women Empowerment and Child Protection presented the meeting’s summary notes and policy recommendations to the G20 leaders.

The Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection developed and presented six policy notes on education, employment, the digital economy, environment and climate change, energy transition, and health. The policy notes submitted by the MSC-led digital economy working group distill key recommendations to G20 ministers to bridge the digital gender gaps. The recommendations suggested to:

  • Increase the number of women-owned MSMEs in the digital economy;
  • Reduce the gender digital divide and upskill the capacity of women and girls to access digital platforms;
  • Increase public and private investment to promote a transformative digital economy;
  • Guarantee safe access and use of digital technologies;
  • Eliminate gender bias in AI and other emerging digital technologies.

How can financial institutions provide handholding support for the elderly?

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Bhupen, a 23-year-old from Tripura, is a full-time owner and chef at a small eatery in New Delhi. He has earned a reputation as one of the best chefs in the area for budget Chinese takeaways. Bhupen’s job keeps him busy since the cafe is located near a popular corporate office. This leaves him with few opportunities to visit his family back in Tripura.

An overview of the scenario in Bhupen’s household

During the second wave of COVID-19 in 2021, the offices around Bhupen’s cafe were closed, and his business came to a grinding halt. The crippled economy forced Bhupen to shut shop and move back to Tripura.

Bhupen found himself in a completely different world back in his home state. He realized this when he heard that his father, Bipin, braved the risk of infection and queued up at the local post office to pay his monthly recurring deposit (RD). Bhupen was shocked. After all, Bipin was not a novice smartphone user—he used it to access social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram. 

For Bhupen, saving monthly deposits is as easy as opening an app and typing the security PIN. Bipin should not have to stand in queue for something that seemed relatively trivial in Bhupen’s world. Despite the gloomy environment of the second wave, Bhupen decided to make the most of his time at home. He prioritized teaching his family a few basic digital use-cases. However, Bhupen could not find a way to make the post-office RD payments in any of the popular payment apps he used.

It did not take long for Bhupen to find a solution. When travel restrictions prevented Bipin from reaching the post office, an opportunity presented itself. 

Before proceeding with Bhupen’s story, let us give you some context. In India, it is easy to assume that people must be willing to welcome convenient mobile-based platforms, such as Unified Payments Interface (UPI), or third-party apps like Paytm, or Google Pay, which offer integrated services. This was not true in Bipin’s case. 

While he knew of the possibility of paying bills and monthly deposits from the comfort of his smartphone, he was risk-averse, did not trust digital financial transactions and lacked operational knowledge of such platforms. As a result, Bipin labeled himself as digitally illiterate. Such hesitation is common among low- and moderate-income (LMI) customers. We can break down the struggles of this customer segment into four key challenges.

Figure 1: Rural India’s challenges in adopting digital payments

An average smartphone user’s journey to digital payments

The rate of smartphone penetration in India has increased exponentially. It currently stands at 54% and will reach 96% by 2040. However, smartphone penetration in itself may not translate to an increase in digital payments and digital banking.

If we want every smartphone-equipped Indian to use digital payments, firstly, we need to understand an average smartphone user’s journey. Digital readiness is a continuum, which, when plotted across the axes of capability and confidence in using a smartphone, results in five phases as depicted in the graph below. MSC has seen these five phases replicated across Asia and Africa.

Figure 2: Path of the digitally ready to digital payments

  • In phase 1, all users try to get comfortable with basic operations, such as placing calls, exchanging SMSs, installing applications, using WhatsApp, using the camera, and navigating the user interface. Millennial and Gen-Z smartphone users, such as Bhupen, can navigate their smartphones easily. Hence, they quickly transition to phases 2 and 3. 
  • In phase 2, users adapt to their smartphones for entertainment without incurring any significant additional cognitive load. This is when they start surfing video-streaming platforms, such as YouTube, web-based over-the-top (OTT) entertainment platforms, and music applications. 
  • In phase 3, users gain more confidence as they sign up on social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, where they consume digital content and contribute to it in various degrees. Most users usually limit their smartphone usage up to this phase. They do not feel comfortable moving beyond this usage level, as they have a higher perceived risk of fraud and fear making unintentional mistakes that would put their money at risk. 
  • A comparatively smaller portion of users climbs to phase 4, where users can place online orders on e-commerce and social commerce platforms, such as Amazon, Flipkart, and Meesho. While users in this phase can operate their smartphones, they lack the confidence to make digital payments. Hence, while they may place the orders online, many opt for cash-on-delivery. Most netizens in rural India hold back from making digital payments.
  • A tiny proportion of users like Bhupen manage to advance to phase 5. Factors, such as social proof, age, assistance from a trusted network, and convenience often propel this journey. This stage is characterized by users first making digital payments wherever possible, followed by advanced digital financial service (DFS) use-cases, such as opting for digital credit, digital savings, and digital insurance through a smartphone.

Bhupen ignites a digital revolution at home 

Now, let us get back to Bhupen.

Figure 3: Level of smartphone usage by Bhupen and his father

Bhupen knew of his father’s digital readiness. Hence, he was optimistic that he would be able to nudge Bipin to use digital payments for his RD deposits. 

Unable to find a way to pay digitally through the payment apps, Bhupen approached Rakesh, the local Grameen Dak Sevak (postperson) and family friend. Rakesh suggested Bipin to open an India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) savings account, which offers digital payment options for popular post office small savings schemes. Rakesh offered doorstep banking services through which Bipin could pay in an assisted mode. 

Rakesh used his handheld device to authenticate Bipin’s biometrics and opened a savings account for him. In a few minutes, he completed the electronic KYC without any papers, on-boarded Bipin, and linked the RD to his savings account. With Rakesh’s help, Bipin could now make Aadhaar-enabled payments from his IPPB savings account to the connected RD account through the Aadhaar-enabled Payments System (AePS). The ease of the process, the empathetic Grameen Dak Sevak, and the assisted onboarding mode won Bipin over. Bipin was on his way to phase 5.

Figure 4: RD collection screen on the IPPB agent application

Was this all that the digital payments ecosystem had to offer to Bipin?

No … Bhupen was convinced his father could move to a self-service payment mode. After all, readiness to use self-service platforms, such as mobile apps, is more likely to lead to repeat use and graduation to more digital use-cases. 

After the second wave of the pandemic receded, Bhupen returned to New Delhi as business resumed. One day, as he was about to pay his electricity bills, he started worrying about his parents back home. Bhupen called his father and was in for a pleasant surprise when Bipin revealed that he has had figured out how to pay household bills through the IPPB mobile app. With Rakesh’s support, Bipin downloaded and started using the IPPB mobile banking app. Hence, Bipin paid last month’s RD, electricity bill, direct-to-home (DTH) television bill, and gas bill through the app. Bipin was truly on his way to phase 5 now.

Figure 5: IPPB mobile banking application – services menu

Fast forward to the present date, Bipin pays most of his bills and makes deposits digitally through the IPPB mobile banking app from the comfort of his home. This would not have been possible if Bhupen had not initiated a digital revolution at his home and a helpful postal agent had not handheld his father onto mobile banking. Millennials like Bhupen, ably supported by financial institutions like IPPB, play a crucial role in onboarding middle-aged and senior users onto the digital payments ecosystem.

Watch this short video below to see how IPPB has enabled young Indians like Bhupen to become “mobile-first” and helped them onboard their households onto digital platforms.

Women in open-air and cross-border trade in Kenya: Insights from the financial diaries research

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The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation commissioned MSC to conduct an action research program to enhance the quality and usage of digital financial services among female traders in open-air and cross-border markets in Kenya. We analyzed 6,000+ transactions in the research and we bring forth findings from these financial diaries research in Kenya in this report.

In our report, we will further unpack the financial life of women-led MSMEs and asses the constraints they grapple with in open-air and cross-border markets. The research also uncovers in-depth knowledge on the opportunity to serve this segment with quality digital financial services to accelerate financial inclusion.